This was the first time in history when a large, complex product consisting of 5000 parts had been produced on a scale of hundreds of thousands per year. Railroad lines expanded from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 254,000 miles in 1916. How did the Industrial Revolution change society? Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. From the late 19th to early 20th centuries, cities grew, factories sprawled and peoples lives became regulated by the clock rather than the sun. The Second Industrial Revolution ended just before World War I, historians say. In 1863 he used etching with acid to study the microscopic structure of metals and was the first to understand that a small but precise quantity of carbon gave steel its strength. Marconi built high-powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic and began a commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships in 1904.[87]. Industrial Revolution: Causes, Consequence and Political Ideas Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial No longer able to compete with the lower cost of mass-produced goods, many artisans and craftsmen lost their livelihoods. Transportation Effects: 1. Cities grew larger, but they were often dirty, crowded, and unhealthy. Other major components of this infrastructure were the new methods for manufacturing steel, especially the Bessemer process. By the 1870s superphosphates produced in those factories, were being shipped around the world from the port at Ipswich.[71][72]. Thanks to the development of sewage systems in cities along with the passage of drinking water safety laws, public health improved greatly and rates of death from infectious diseases fell. [19] Rail became the dominant form of transport infrastructure throughout the industrialized world,[20] producing a steady decrease in the cost of shipping seen for the rest of the century.[18]. [70], The discovery of coprolites in commercial quantities in East Anglia, led Fisons and Edward Packard to develop one of the first large-scale commercial fertilizer plants at Bramford, and Snape in the 1850s. Much of the explosion of economic production in America during the Second Industrial Revolution has been attributed to the expansion of the railroads. [34] Henry Ford is quoted as saying that mass production would not have been possible without electricity because it allowed placement of machine tools and other equipment in the order of the work flow. Off., 1917. [9] This stove used firebrick as a storage medium, solving the expansion and cracking problem. [52] See also: Long depression, The factory system centralized production in separate buildings funded and directed by specialists (as opposed to work at home). The science of metallurgy was advanced through the work of Henry Clifton Sorby and others.
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