2002). Above, I described Bernsteins research that used this methodology to show that taste aversion and fear conditioning activate largely independent amygdala networks, helping us distinguish two aversive motivational systems. For example, even in humans, could we use brain stimulation techniques or even gene therapy to target fear circuits in reliable, therapeutic ways? Over time, the fear tends to worsen as the fear of fear response takes hold. My current conceptual model consists of three psychological processes that determine importance (or salience), valence and action, respectively. In rodents, defense against predators (interspecies) and alpha males (conspecifics) activates very similar brain structures and behaviors, suggesting that there was substantial convergent evolution of these defenses. This illustrates the common error of considering the basolateral amygdala as isomorphic with fear. It has generated a large amount of useful information about how the brain detects and responds to danger. While much more needs to be established, powerful approaches such as single-cell RNA-sequencing across regions and species, large-scale genetic tools combined with transcriptomics, and digital phenotyping across species are enabling truly novel and powerful translational approaches that do not model disorders per se, but instead model their component parts, from molecules to circuits to aspects of behavioral syntax that underlie the defensive threat to fear continuum. There are also steps that you can take to help cope with fear in day to day life. For this statement to make sense when comparing human and non-human animals, it is necessary to distinguish a brains capacity for consciousness (an experience) and its capacity for awareness (the ability to report or reflect on an experience); relatedly, it is important to distinguish perceiving the sensory features of the immediate context in a particular way from being aware of that perception (for example, an awareness of perceiving threat) and from the awareness of being frightened. By Lisa Fritscher Example of Stalking Harm Review the stalking act example in Section 10 "Example of Stalking Act". I believe that the use of mental-state words like fear to characterize behavioral control systems inevitably creates confusion and leads to misplaced expectations about what animal research can and cannot tell us. LFB:Contemporary paradigms, guided by the notion of simple, dedicated neural circuits for fear arranged in a single taxonomy, restrict the study of fear in several important ways.
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